• In fiscal year 2022, the Army fell 15,000 soldiers short of its recruiting target — the largest shortfall since 1979. As geopolitical competition with China intensifies and war in Europe continues, America may need a much larger force than a voluntary market can supply at current compensation levels. A mandatory service requirement guarantees baseline military capacity independent of recruiting trends.
• Wars become more politically sustainable when only a professional class fights them. The Iraq and Afghanistan wars, fought entirely by volunteers, cost over 7,000 American lives and trillions of dollars with minimal public accountability because most Americans had no personal stake. Universal service creates a political constituency — every American family — that demands congressional oversight before blood is committed.
• Israel, South Korea, Norway, and Singapore maintain universal conscription as insurance against existential threats. These democracies have found ways to reconcile mandatory service with civil liberties. The US could implement a two-year service requirement with military and civilian options — AmeriCorps-style national service — achieving both defense readiness and civic infrastructure investment.

Debater: To be announced

• The all-volunteer force has consistently outperformed every draft-based army the US has fielded in readiness, professionalism, and combat effectiveness. Vietnam — where the draft produced unmotivated, poorly-disciplined units with high attrition rates — is the canonical counterexample. Modern warfare requires highly trained, technologically sophisticated specialists; a conscripted mass force provides neither quality nor the right skills.
• Mandatory military service requires the government to compel citizens to risk their lives under pain of imprisonment — the most extreme exercise of state coercion imaginable in a peacetime democracy. The First Amendment protects conscientious objection, but a draft inherently classifies and routes objectors, imposing government judgment on deeply private moral convictions. No recruiting shortfall justifies that coercive reach.
• The recruiting shortfall the Army faces is solvable without a draft: increasing compensation, improving conditions, and expanding the National Guard can fill gaps. Historically, the US has responded to genuine crises — World War II, Korea — with draft authority invoked only when voluntary enlistment proved insufficient. Reinstating peacetime conscription now, before that threshold is reached, is a solution in search of a problem.

Debater: To be announced